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AICAR

Description

AICAR is a research compound (5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide) that acts as an AMP analog activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Preclinical models show its effects on mitochondrial biogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and glucose metabolism through AMPK–PGC-1α signaling. AICAR is used in metabolic and energy regulation research investigating peptide-independent AMPK activation pathways.

For research use only. Not for human consumption.


Additional Information

  • Weight: 0.08 lbs

  • Dimensions: 0.87 × 1.18 × 0.87 in

  • Size: 5mg, 10mg

This product is intended solely for research purposes. It is not authorized for use in humans or animals and should only be handled by trained personnel in appropriate laboratory settings.

Highlights

Structural Properties

  • Selectivity: Strong affinity and selectivity for MC1R

  • Solubility: Easily soluble in water

  • Storage Conditions: Store refrigerated at 36–46 °F (2–8 °C)

  • Form: White to off‑white lyophilized powder

Biochemical Profile

  • Chemical Formula: C₇₈H₁₁₁N₂₁O₁₉

  • Molecular Weight: 1646.85 g/mol

  • CAS: 75921‑69‑6

  • Structure: Linear peptide composed of 13 amino acids

Biological Mechanism

Melanotan is a synthetic peptide studied for its selective MC1R activation, supporting pigmentation, UV protection, and potential anti‑inflammatory effects.

Protective Actions

UV Defense

Increased melanin formation enhances natural protection against ultraviolet radiation.

DNA Maintenance

May support nucleotide excision repair processes to safeguard genetic material.

Inflammation Control

Helps lower production of pro‑inflammatory cytokines.

Core Biological Pathways

MC1R Engagement

Binds selectively to melanocortin‑1 receptors located on melanocytes.

cAMP Cascade

Elevates intracellular cAMP levels, triggering activation of protein kinase A.

MITF Regulation

Promotes expression of the microphthalmia‑associated transcription factor.

Melanin Synthesis

Stimulates tyrosinase and other enzymes involved in melanogenesis.

Research Highlights

Research on Melanotan has uncovered a wide range of potential applications beyond its role in pigmentation:

Photoprotection Research

Main focus on UV defense:

• Promotes higher melanin density without direct sun exposure

• Lowers markers of UV‑induced DNA damage

• Demonstrates protective effects in models of photosensitivity disorders

• Maintains benefits even after treatment is stopped

Anti‑Inflammatory Properties

Emerging immunomodulatory activity:

• Decreases production of TNF‑α and IL‑1β

• Inhibits NF‑κB pathway activation

• Shows protective effects in inflammatory disease models

• Potential applications in autoimmune research

Neuroprotective Insights

Unexpected effects in the central nervous system:

• Shields neurons from oxidative stress

• Reduces markers of neuroinflammation

• Investigated for possible roles in neurodegenerative conditions

• Improved outcomes observed in stroke models

Clinical Research Directions

Translational applications under study:

• Trials in erythropoietic protoporphyria

• Research on polymorphous light eruption

• Investigations into vitiligo repigmentation

• Studies on solar urticaria protection

Possible Research-Related Effects

Melanotan has generally shown a strong safety profile due to its selective receptor activity:

Mild Nausea

Occasional, short‑lived gastrointestinal discomfort reported in some participants.

Facial Flushing

Temporary vasodilation leading to brief redness or warmth.

Pigmentation Changes

Expected increase in skin darkening and melanocytic nevus pigmentation.

Fatigue

Slight tiredness noted in certain studies.

Its selectivity for MC1R helps reduce off‑target reactions commonly associated with broader melanocortin agonists.

Important Information: This material is restricted to experimental laboratory work and must not be used in humans or animals.

References

Thymosin beta‑4 denotes new directions towards developing prosperous anti‑aging regenerative therapies. Int Immunopharmacol, 2023.

Thymosin beta‑4 improves endothelial function in diabetic endothelial cells via stem cell therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther, 2022.

Thymosin beta‑4: A potential tool in healing middle ear lesions in adult mammals. Int Immunopharmacol, 2023.

Thymosin β4 preserves vascular smooth muscle phenotype in atherosclerosis via LRP1 regulation. Int Immunopharmacol, 2023.

Protective effects of thymosin β4 against ethanol injury in corneal keratocytes. BMC Ophthalmol, 2022.

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